Venturing beyond the ISCO: Detecting X-ray emission from the plunging regions around black holes

D.R. Wilkins, C.S. Reynolds and A.C. Fabian, 2020, MNRAS 493, 5532

We explore how X-ray reverberation around black holes may reveal the presence of the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO), predicted by General Relativity, and probe the dynamics of the plunging region between the ISCO and the event horizon. Being able to directly detect the presence of the ISCO and probe the dynamics of material plunging through the event horizon represents a unique test of general relativity in the strong field regime. X-ray reverberation off of the accretion disc and material in the plunging region is modelled using general relativistic ray tracing simulations. X-ray reverberation from the plunging region has a minimal effect on the time-averaged X-ray spectrum and the overall lag-energy spectrum, but is manifested in the lag in the highest frequency Fourier components, above 0.01 c^3 (GM)^-1 (scaled for the mass of the black hole) in the 2-4keV energy band for a non-spinning black hole or the 1-2keV energy band for a maximally spinning black hole. The plunging region is distinguished from disc emission not just by the energy shifts characteristic of plunging orbits, but by the rapid increase in ionisation of material through the plunging region. Detection requires measurement of time lags to an accuracy of 20 per cent at these frequencies. Improving accuracy to 12 per cent will enable constraints to be placed on the dynamics of material in the plunging region and distinguish plunging orbits from material remaining on stable circular orbits, confirming the existence of the ISCO, a prime discovery space for future X-ray missions.

The soft state of the black hole transient source MAXI J1820+070: emission from the edge of the plunge region?

A.C. Fabian, D.J. Buisson, P. Kosec, C.S. Reynolds, D.R. Wilkins et al., 2020, MNRAS 493, 5389

The Galactic black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070 had a bright outburst in 2018 when it became the second brightest X-ray source in the sky. It was too bright for X-ray CCD instruments such as XMM-Newton and Chandra, but was well observed by photon-counting instruments such as Neutron star Inner Composition Explorer (NICER) and Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR). We report here on the discovery of an excess-emission component during the soft state. It is best modelled with a blackbody spectrum in addition to the regular disc emission, modelled as either diskbb or kerrbb. Its temperature varies from about 0.9 to 1.1 keV, which is about 30-80 per cent higher than the inner disc temperature of diskbb. Its flux varies between 4 and 12 per cent of the disc flux. Simulations of magnetized accretion discs have predicted the possibility of excess emission associated with a non-zero torque at the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) about the black hole, which, from other NuSTAR studies, lies at about 5 gravitational radii or about 60 km (for a black hole, mass is 8 M☉). In this case, the emitting region at the ISCO has a width varying between 1.3 and 4.6 km and would encompass the start of the plunge region where matter begins to fall freely into the black hole.

Blueshifted absorption lines from X-ray reflection in IRAS 13224-3809

A.C. Fabian, C.S. Reynolds, J. Jiang, C. Pinto, L.C. Gallo, M.L. Parker, A.N. Lasenby, W.N. Alston, D.J.K. Buisson, E.M. Cackett, B. DeMarco, J. García, E. Kara, P. Kosec, M.J. Middleton, J.M. Miller, G. Miniutti, D.J. Walton, D.R. Wilkins and A.J. Young, 2020, MNRAS 492, 2518

We explore a disc origin for the highly blueshifted, variable absorption lines seen in the X-ray spectrum of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224-3809. The blueshift corresponds to a velocity of ∼0.25c. Such features in other active galactic nuclei are often interpreted as ultrafast outflows. The velocity is of course present in the orbital motions of the inner disc. The absorption lines in IRAS 13224-3809 are best seen when the flux is low and the reflection component of the disc is strong relative to the power-law continuum. The spectra are consistent with a model in which the reflection component passes through a thin, highly ionized absorbing layer at the surface of the inner disc, the blueshifted side of which dominates the flux due to relativistic aberration (the disc inclination is about 70°). No fast outflow need occurs beyond the disc.

A dynamic black hole corona in an active galaxy through X-ray reverberation mapping

William N. Alston, Andrew C. Fabian, Erin Kara, Michael L. Parker, Michal Dovciak, Ciro Pinto, Jiachen Jiang, Matthew J. Middleton, Giovanni Miniutti, Dominic J. Walton, Dan R. Wilkins, Douglas J. K. Buisson, Maria D. Caballero-Garcia, Edward M. Cackett, Barbara De Marco, Luigi C. Gallo, Anne M. Lohfink, Chris S. Reynolds, Phil Uttley, Andrew J. Young, Abderahmen Zogbhi, 2020, Nature Astronomy 4, 597

X-ray reverberation echoes are assumed to be produced in the strongly distorted spacetime around accreting supermassive black holes. This signal allows us to spatially map the geometry of the inner accretion flow - a region which cannot yet be spatially resolved by any telescope - and provides a direct measure of the black hole mass and spin. The reverberation timescale is set by the light travel path between the direct emission from a hot X-ray corona and the reprocessed emission from the inner edge of the accretion disc. However, there is an inherent degeneracy in the reverberation signal between black hole mass, inner disc radius and height of the illuminating corona above the disc. Here, we use a long X-ray observation of the highly-variable active galaxy, IRAS 13224-3809, to track the reverberation signal as the system evolves on timescales of a day. With the inclusion of all the relativistic effects, modelling reveals that the height of the X-ray corona increases with increasing luminosity, providing a dynamic view of the inner accretion region. This simultaneous modelling allows us to break the inherent degeneracies and obtain an independent timing-based estimate for the mass and spin of the black hole. The uncertainty on black hole mass is comparable to the leading optical reverberation method, making X-ray reverberation a powerful technique, particularly for sources with low optical variability.

Low frequency X-ray timing with Gaussian processes and reverberation in the radio-loud AGN 3C 120

D.R. Wilkins, 2019, MNRAS 489, 1957

A framework is developed to perform Fourier-domain timing analysis on X-ray light curves with gaps, employing Gaussian processes to model the probability distribution underlying the observed time series from which continuous samples can be drawn. A technique is developed to measure X-ray reverberation from the inner regions of accretion discs around black holes in the low frequency components of the variability, on timescales longer than can be probed employing standard Fourier techniques. This enables X-ray reverberation experiments to be performed using data from satellites in low-Earth orbit such as NICER, NuSTAR and the proposed X-ray timing mission STROBE-X, and enables long timescale reverberation around higher mass AGN to be measured by combining multiple observations. Gaussian processes are applied to observations of the broad line radio galaxy 3C120 spanning two orbits with XMM-Newton to measure the relative time lags of successive X-ray energy bands. The lag-energy spectrum between 5E-6 and 3E-5Hz, estimated using Gaussian processes, reveals X-ray reverberation from the inner accretion disc for the first time in this radio-loud AGN. Time lags in the relativistically broadened iron K line are significantly detected. The core of the line lags behind the continuum by (3800 +/- 1500)s, suggesting a scale height of the corona of (13 +/- 8)rg above the disc. The ability to compare the structure of coronae in radio loud AGN to their radio quiet counterparts will yield important insight into the mechanisms by which black holes are able to launch jets.

Characterization of the Particle-induced Background of XMM-Newton EPIC-pn: Short- and Long-term Variability

E. Bulbul, R. Kraft, P. Nulsen, M. Freyberg, E.D. Miller, C. Grant, M.W. Bautz, D.N. Burrows, S.W. Allen, T. Eraerds, V. Fioretti, F. Gastaldello, V. Ghirardini, D. Hall, N. Meidinger, S. Molendi, A. Rau, D.R. Wilkins and J. Wilms, 2020, ApJ 891, 13

The particle-induced background of X-ray observatories is produced by galactic cosmic ray (GCR) primary protons, electrons, and He ions. Events due to direct interaction with the detector are usually removed by onboard processing. The interactions of these primary particles with the detector environment produce secondary particles that mimic X-ray events from celestial sources, and are much more difficult to identify. The filter-wheel closed data from the XMM-Newton EPIC-pn camera in small window mode (SWM) contains both the X-ray-like background events, and the events due to direct interactions with the primary particles. From this data, we demonstrate that X-ray-like background events are spatially correlated with the primary particle interaction. This result can be used to further characterize and reduce the non-X-ray background in silicon-based X-ray detectors in current and future missions. We also show that spectrum and pattern fractions of secondary particle events are different from those produced by cosmic X-rays.

Supermassive Black Hole Spin and Reverberation

A. Zoghbi, D. R. Wilkins, L. Brenneman, G. Miniutti, G. Matt, J. Garcia, E. Kara, E. Cackett, B. De Marco, M. Dovciak, 2019. Whitepaper submitted to the 2020 Decadal Survey

X-ray reverberation mapping has emerged as a powerful probe of microparsec scales around AGN, and with high sensitivity detectors, its full potential in echo-mapping the otherwise inaccessible disk-corona at the black hole horizon scale will be revealed.

Black hole magnetosphere with small scale flux tubes — II. Stability and dynamics

Yajie Yuan, Anatoly Spitkovsky, Roger D. Blandford, Dan R. Wilkins, 2019, MNRAS 487, 4114

In some Seyfert Galaxies, the hard X-rays that produce fluorescent emission lines are thought to be generated in a hot corona that is compact and located at only a few gravitational radii above the supermassive black hole. We consider the possibility that this X-ray source may be powered by small scale magnetic flux tubes attached to the accretion disk near the black hole. We use three dimensional, time dependent force-free simulations in a simplified setting to study the dynamics of such flux tubes as they get continuously twisted by the central compact star/black hole. We find that, the dynamical evolution of the flux tubes connecting the central compact object and the accretion disk is strongly influenced by the confinement of the surrounding field. Although differential rotation between the central object and the disk tends to inflate the flux tubes, strong confinement from surrounding field quenches the formation of a jet-like outflow, as the inflated flux tube becomes kink unstable and dissipates most of the extracted rotational energy relatively close to the central object. Such a process may be able to heat up the plasma and produce strong X-ray emission. We estimate the energy dissipation rate and discuss its astrophysical implications.

Evidence for an emerging disc wind and collimated outflow during an X-ray flare in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 335

L. C. Gallo, A. G. Gonzalez, S. G. H. Waddell, H. J. S. Ehler, D. R. Wilkins, A. L. Longinotti, D. Grupe, S. Komossa, G. A. Kriss, C. Pinto, S. Tripathi, A. C. Fabian, Y. Krongold, S. Mathur, M. L. Parker, A. Pradhan, 2019, MNRAS 484, 4287

A triggered 140 ks XMM-Newton observation of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) Mrk 335 in December 2015 caught the active galaxy at its lowest X-ray flux since 2007. The NLS1 is relatively quiescent for the first ~120 ks of the observation before it flares in brightness by a factor of about five in the last 20 ks. Although only part of the flare is captured before the observation is terminated, the data reveal significant differences between the flare and quiescent phases. During the low-flux state, Mrk 335 demonstrates a reflection-dominated spectrum that results from a compact corona around a Kerr black hole. In addition to the rapid brightening, the flare is further described by spectral softening and a falling reflection fraction that are consistent with previous observations advocating at least part of the corona in Mrk 335 could be the base of an aborted jet. The spectrum during the flaring interval reveals several residuals between the 2-3 sigma level that could be attributed to absorption lines from a highly ionised plasma that is moving outward at v~0.12c. It could be that the increased luminosity during the flare enhances the radiation pressure sufficiently to launch a possible wind. If the wind is indeed responding to the change in corona luminosity then it must be located within ~80 Rg. The escape velocity at this distance is comparable to the estimated wind velocity. If confirmed, this is the first example of a radio-quiet AGN exhibiting behaviour consistent with both diffuse and collimated outflow.

Black hole magnetosphere with small scale flux tubes

Yajie Yuan, Roger D. Blandford and Dan R. Wilkins, 2019, MNRAS 484, 4920

There is observational evidence that the X-ray continuum source that creates the broad fluorescent emission lines in some Seyfert Galaxies may be compact and located at a few gravitational radii above the black hole. We consider the possibility that this compact source may be powered by small scale flux tubes near the black hole that are attached to the orbiting accretion disk. As a first step, this paper investigates the salient features of black hole magnetospheres that contain small scale, disk-hole linking "closed" flux tubes, using the force-free approximation in an axisymmetric setting. We find that the extent of the closed zone is a result of the balance between the black hole spin induced twist in the closed zone and the confinement pressure of the external (open) field of the disk. The maximal extent of the closed zone, for a typical external confinement, is usually a few gravitational radii. The pressure competition between the closed zone and the external confinement could in principle lead to interesting dynamics and dissipation relevant for the compact X-ray corona.

The variability of the warm absorber in I Zwicky 1 as seen by XMM-Newton

C. V. Silva, E. Costantini, M. Giustini, G. A. Kriss, W. N. Brandt, L. C. Gallo and D. R. Wilkins, 2018, MNRAS 480, 2334

We present new XMM-Newton observations of the intriguing warm absorber in I Zwicky 1. This luminous and nearby narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy shows ionized absorption by two components of outflowing gas; a low and a high-ionization phase with log ξ~0 and log ξ~2 respectively. Detailed modelling of these data reveal a complex and variable multi-phase warm absorber. However, we find the changes in the ionization state of the gas not to be straightforwardly correlated with the variability of the intrinsic continuum source, in apparent contrast with photoionization equilibrium. The observed variability hints instead at a close connection between the two gas components, possibly both directly connected to the accretion disc activity. We thus suggest a phenomenological model capable of explaining these observations, consisting of a clumpy outflow where the high and the low-ionization components are closely linked. Changes in ionization over the years are mainly driven by the different densities of the clumps crossing the observer's line-of-sight, in which the `skin' layer facing the source accounts for the more ionized component.

Eleven years of monitoring the Seyfert 1 Mrk 335 with Swift: Characterizing the X-ray and UV/optical variability

L.C. Gallo, D.M. Blue, D. Grupe, S. Komossa and D.R. Wilkins, 2018, MNRAS 478, 2557

The narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy (NLS1) Mrk 335 has been continuously monitored with Swift since May 2007 when it fell into a long-lasting, X-ray low-flux interval. Results from the nearly 11 years of monitoring are presented here. Structure functions are used to measure the UV-optical and X-ray power spectra. The X-ray structure function measured between 10-100 days is consistent with the flat, low-frequency part of the power spectrum measured previously in Mrk 335. The UV-optical structure functions of Mrk 335 are comparable with those of other Seyfert 1 galaxies and of Mrk 335 itself when it was in a normal bright state. There is no indication that the current X-ray low-flux state is attributed to changes in the accretion disc structure of Mrk 335. The characteristic timescales measured in the structure functions can be attributed to thermal (for the UV) and dynamic (for the optical) timescales in a standard accretion disc. The high-quality UVW2 (~1800 A in the source frame) structure function appears to have two breaks and two different slopes between 10-160 days. Correlations between the X-ray and other bands are not highly significant when considering the entire 11-year light curves, but more significant behaviour is present when considering segments of the light curves. A correlation between the X-ray and UVW2 in 2014 (Year-8) may be predominately caused by an giant X-ray flare that was interpreted as jet-like emission. In 2008 (Year-2), possible lags between the UVW2 emission and other UV-optical waveband may be consistent with reprocessing of X-ray or UV emission in the accretion disc.

The 1.5 Ms Observing Campaign on IRAS 13224-3809: X-ray Spectral Analysis I

J. Jiang, M. L. Parker, A. C. Fabian, W. N. Alston, D. J. K. Buisson, E. M. Cackett, C.-Y. Chiang, T. Dauser, L. C. Gallo, J. A. García, F. A. Harrison, A. M. Lohfink, B. De Marco, E. Kara, J. M. Miller, G. Miniutti, C. Pinto, D. J. Walton and D. R. Wilkins, 2018, MNRAS 477, 3711

We present a detailed spectral analysis of the recent 1.5Ms XMM-Newton observing campaign on the narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224−3809, taken simultaneously with 500ks of NuSTAR data. The X-ray lightcurve shows three flux peaks, registering at about 100 times the minimum flux seen during the campaign, and rapid variability with a time scale of kiloseconds. The spectra are well fit with a primary powerlaw continuum, two relativistic-blurred reflection components from the inner accretion disk with very high iron abundance, and a simple blackbody-shaped model for the remaining soft excess. The spectral variability is dominated by the power law continuum from a corona region within a few gravitational radii from the black hole. Additionally, blueshifted Ne X, Mg XII, Si XIV and S XVI absorption lines are identified in the stacked low-flux spectrum, confirming the presence of a highly ionized outflow with velocity up to v=0.267 and 0.225c. We fit the absorption features with \texttt models and find a relatively constant velocity outflow through the whole observation. Finally, we replace the \texttt and supersolar abundance reflection models by fitting the soft excess successfully with the extended reflection model \texttt, which allows for higher densities than the standard \texttt model. This returns a disk electron density ne>1018.7cm−3 and lowers the iron abundance from ZFe=24+3−4Z⊙ with ne≡1015cm−3 to ZFe=6.6+0.8−2.1Z⊙.

Variable blurred reflection in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 493

K. Bonson, L.C. Gallo, D.R. Wilkins and A.C. Fabian, 2018, MNRAS 477, 3247

We examine a 200 ks XMM-Newton observation of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 493. The active galaxy was half as bright as in a previous 2003 snapshot observation and the current lower flux enables a study of the putative reflection component in detail. We determine the characteristics of the 2015 X-ray continuum by first analyzing the short-term variability using model-independent techniques. We then continue with a time-resolve analysis including spectral fitting and modelling the fractional variability. We determine that the variability arises from changes in the amount of primary flux striking the accretion disk, which induces changes in the ionization parameter and flux of the blurred reflection component. The observations seem consistent with the picture that the primary source is of roughly constant brightness and that variations arise from changes in the degree of light bending happening in the vicinity of the supermassive black hole.

The remarkable X-ray variability of IRAS 13224-3809 I: The variability process

W. N. Alston, A. C. Fabian, D. J. K. Buisson, E. Kara, M. L. Parker, A. M. Lohfink, P. Uttley, D. R. Wilkins, C. Pinto, B. De Marco, E. M. Cackett, M. J. Middleton, D. J. Walton, C. S. Reynolds, J. Jiang, L. C. Gallo, A. Zogbhi, G. Miniutti, M. Dovciak and A. J. Young, 2018, MNRAS 482, 2088

We present a detailed X-ray timing analysis of the highly variable NLS1 galaxy, IRAS 13224-3809. The source was recently monitored for 1.5 Ms with XMM-Newton which, combined with 500 ks archival data, makes this the best studied NLS1 galaxy in X-rays to date. We apply standard time- and Fourier-domain in order to understand the underlying variability process. The source flux is not distributed lognormally, as would be expected for accreting sources. The first non-linear rms-flux relation for any accreting source in any waveband is found, with rms∝flux2/3. The light curves exhibit significant strong non-stationarity, in addition to that caused by the rms-flux relation, and are fractionally more variable at lower source flux. The power spectrum is estimated down to ∼10−7 Hz and consists of multiple peaked components: a low-frequency break at ∼10−5 Hz, with slope α<1 down to low frequencies; an additional component breaking at ∼10−3Hz. Using the high-frequency break we estimate the black hole mass MBH=[0.5−2]×106M⊙, and mass accretion rate in Eddington units, m˙Edd≳1. The non-stationarity is manifest in the PSD with the normalisation of the peaked components increasing with decreasing source flux, as well as the low-frequency peak moving to higher frequencies. We also detect a narrow coherent feature in the soft band PSD at 0.7mHz, modelled with a Lorentzian the feature has Q∼8 and an rms∼3 %. We discuss the implication of these results for accretion of matter onto black holes.

On the illumination of neutron star accretion discs

D.R. Wilkins, 2018, MNRAS 475, 748

The illumination of the accretion disc in a neutron star X-ray binary by X-rays emitted from (or close to) the neutron star surface is explored through general relativistic ray tracing simulations. The applicability of the canonical suite of relativistically broadened emission line models (developed for black holes) to discs around neutron stars is evaluated. These models were found to describe well emission lines from neutron star accretion discs unless the neutron star radius is larger than the innermost stable orbit of the accretion disc at 6rg or the disc is viewed at high inclination, above 60deg where shadowing of the back side of the disc becomes important. Theoretical emissivity profiles were computed for accretion discs illuminated by hotspots on the neutron star surfaces, bands of emission and emission by the entirety of the hot, spherical star surface and in all cases, the emissivity profile of the accretion disc was found to be well represented by a single power law falling off slightly steeper than r^-3. Steepening of the emissivity index was found where the emission is close to the disc plane and the disc can appear truncated when illuminated by a hotspot at high latitude. The emissivity profile of the accretion disc in Serpens X-1 was measured and found to be consistent with a single unbroken power law with index q=3.5 (-0.4,+0.3), suggestive of illumination by the boundary layer between the disc and neutron star surface.

Probing the geometry and motion of AGN coronae through accretion disc emissivity profiles

A.G. Gonzalez, D.R. Wilkins and L.C. Gallo, 2017, MNRAS 472, 1932

To gain a better understanding of the inner disc region that comprises active galactic nuclei, it is necessary to understand the pattern in which the disc is illuminated (the emissivity profile) by X-rays emitted from the continuum source above the black hole (corona). The differences in the emissivity profiles produced by various corona geometries are explored via general relativistic ray tracing simulations. Through the analysis of various parameters of the geometries simulated it is found that emissivity profiles produced by point source and extended geometries such as cylindrical slabs and spheroidal coronae placed on the accretion disc are distinguishable. Profiles produced by point source and conical geometries are not significantly different, requiring an analysis of reflection fraction to differentiate the two geometries. Beamed point and beamed conical sources are also simulated in an effort to model jet-like coronae, though the differences here are most evident in the reflection fraction. For a point source we determine an approximation for the measured reflection fraction with the source height and velocity. Simulating spectra from the emissivity profiles produced by the various geometries produce distinguishable differences. Overall spectral differences between the geometries do not exceed 15 per cent in the most extreme cases. It is found that emissivity profiles can be useful in distinguishing point source and extended geometries given high-quality spectral data of extreme, bright sources over long exposure times. In combination with reflection fraction, timing and spectral analysis we may use emissivity profiles to discern the geometry of the X-ray source.

Revealing structure and evolution within the corona of the Seyfert galaxy I Zw 1

D.R. Wilkins, L.C. Gallo, C.V. Silva, E. Costantini, W.N. Brandt and G.A. Kriss, 2017, MNRAS 471, 4436

X-ray spectral timing analysis is presented of XMM-Newton observations of the narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxy I Zwicky 1 (I Zw 1) taken in 2015 January. After exploring the effect of background flaring on timing analyses, X-ray time lags between the reflection-dominated 0.3-1.0keV energy and continuum-dominated 1.0-4.0keV band are measured, indicative of reverberation off the inner accretion disc. The reverberation lag time is seen to vary as a step function in frequency; across lower frequency components of the variability, 3e-4 to 1.2e-3Hz a lag of 160s is measured, but the lag shortens to (59 +/- 4)s above 1.2e-3Hz. The lag-energy spectrum reveals differing profiles between these ranges with a change in the dip showing the earliest arriving photons. The low frequency signal indicates reverberation of X-rays emitted from a corona extended at low height over the disc while at high frequencies, variability is generated in a collimated core of the corona through which luminosity fluctuations propagate upwards. Principal component analysis of the variability supports this interpretation, showing uncorrelated variation in the spectral slope of two power law continuum components. The distinct evolution of the two components of the corona is seen as a flare passes inwards from the extended to the collimated portion. An increase in variability in the extended corona was found preceding the initial increase in X-ray flux. Variability from the extended corona was seen to die away as the flare passed into the collimated core leading to a second sharper increase in the X-ray count rate.

The response of relativistic outflowing gas to the inner accretion disk of a black hole

Michael L. Parker, Ciro Pinto, Andrew C. Fabian, Anne Lohfink, Douglas J. K. Buisson, William Alston, Erin Kara, Edward M. Cackett, Chia-Ying Chiang, Thomas Dauser, Barbara De Marco, Luigi C. Gallo, Javier Garcia, Fiona A. Harrison, Ashley L. King, Matthew J. Middleton, Jon M. Miller, Giovanni Miniutti, Christopher S. Reynolds, Phil Uttley, Ranjan Vasudevan, Dominic J. Walton, Daniel R. Wilkins and Abderahmen Zoghbi, 2017, Nature 543, 83–86

Active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback is the process by which supermassive black holes in the centres of galaxies may moderate the growth of their hosts. Gas outflows from supermassive black holes release huge quantities of energy into the interstellar medium, clearing the surrounding gas. The most extreme of these, the ultra-fast outflows (UFOs), are the subset of X-ray detected outflows with velocities higher than 10,000 km/s, believed to originate in relativistic disc winds, a few hundred gravitational radii from the black hole. The absorption features produced by these outflows are variable, but no clear link has been found between the behaviour of the X-ray continuum and the energy or equivalent width of the outflow features due to the long time-scales of quasar variability. Here, we present the detection of multiple absorption lines from an extreme ultra-fast gas flow in the X-ray spectrum of the active galactic nucleus IRAS 13224-3809, at 0.236+/-0.006 times the speed of light (71,000 km/s), where the absorption is strongly anti-correlated with the emission from the inner regions of the accretion disk. If the gas flow is identified as a genuine outflow then it is in the fastest 5 per cent of such winds, and its variability is hundreds of times faster than in other variable winds, allowing us to observe in hours what would take months in a quasar. We find signatures of the wind simultaneously in both low and high energy detectors, which are consistent with a single ionized outflow, linking the two phenomena. The detection of the wind responding to the emission from the inner disk demonstrates a connection between accretion processes occurring on very different scales, with the X-rays from within a few gravitational radii of the black hole ionizing the relativistically outflowing gas as the flux rises.

The high-Eddington NLS1 Ark 564 has the coolest corona

E. Kara, J.A. García, A. Lohfink, C.S. Reynolds, F. Tombesi and D.R. Wilkins, 2017, MNRAS 468, 3489

Ark 564 is an archetypal narrow-line Seyfert 1 that has been well observed in soft X-rays from 0.3-10 keV, revealing a steep spectrum, strong soft excess, iron K emission line and dramatic variability on the order of hours. Because of its very steep spectrum, observations of the source above 10 keV have been sparse. We report here on the first NuSTAR observation of Ark 564. The source was observed for 200 ks with NuSTAR, 50 ks of which were concurrent with Suzaku observations. NuSTAR and Suzaku observed a dramatic flare, in which the hard emission is clearly delayed with respect to the soft emission, consistent with previous detections of a low-frequency hard lag found in XMM-Newton data. The NuSTAR spectrum is well described by a low-temperature Comptonization continuum (with an electron temperature of 15 ± 2 keV), which irradiates a highly ionized disc. No further relativistic broadening or ionized absorption is required. These spectral results show that Ark 564 has one of the lowest temperature coronae observed by NuSTAR to date. We discuss possible reasons for low-temperature coronae in high-Eddington sources.